Many etiological factors have been implicated, e.g.,
1)Placement, maintenance, and removal of central venous and dialysis catheters and sometimes, peripheral venous lines as well.
2) Numerous surgical procedures due to
- Open venous channels when there is a pressure gradient at the wound and the atmospheric pressure and negative intra thoracic pressure.
- Insufflation of gas in a body cavity with open venous channels
3) Barotrauma, including Mechanical ventilation and diving events.
4) Interventional radiology and endoscopy procedures like lung biopsy
5). Blast injuries
